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Ocean pH Since 1850 and Projected to 2100
Ocean pH vs Atmospheric CO2 PPM
Ocean pH vs Atmospheric ppm 1958 to 2012
What is ocean acidification and why does it matter?
Antarctic ice melt is twice as fast as ten years ago
Antarctica Ice Cap Mass 2002-2020 (relative to 2002)
Sea level rise contributors
Subglacial topography of Antarctica
West Antarctic glaciers are collapsing, and it's "unstoppable"
Why is Arctic sea ice decreasing while Antarctic sea ice is not?
Antarctica Ice Cap Mass 2002-2020 (relative to 2002)
Arctic and Global Temperature Anomoly
Arctic and Global Temperature Anomoly - Cowtan & Way
Arctic Ice Volume in September - 1979-2013
Arctic Sea Ice Death Spiral
Arctic Sea Ice Extent
Arctic Sea Ice Extent 1979-2020
Arctic Sea Ice Extent Ananoly - Nov 2016
Arctic Sea Ice Extent Minimum 1979-2019 (relative to 1979)
Arctic Sea Ice Melt Season 1979-2020
Arctic Sea Ice Minimum and Maximum Extents (compared to the averages)
Arctic Sea Ice Volume 1979-2020
Artcic sea ice extent for the last 1,450 years
Artcic Sea Ice Extent Through Nov 2016
Projected Arctic Sea Ice Decline
Why is Arctic sea ice decreasing while Antarctic sea ice is not?
Increase in Extreme Precipitation Events 1958-2012
Is the current level of atmospheric CO2 concentration unprecedented in Earth’s history?
Total Heat Content (Oceans, Atmosphere, and Land) - 1960-2008
1979: 382 parts per million.; 2019: 500 parts per million (+118 ppm).
CO2 Concentration at Mona Loa Observatory Since 1959
CO2 Concentrations Last 800,000 Years
CO2 Concentrations Since 1700
CO2 Levels for Last 10000 Yerars (Mauna Loa)
CO2 Levels for Previous Month (Mauna Loa)
CO2 Levels for Previous Six Months (Mauna Loa)
CO2 Levels for Previous Two Years (Mauna Loa)
CO2 Levels for Since 1700 (Mauna Loa)
CO2 Levels for Since 1958 (Mauna Loa)
Cross-plot of estimates of atmospheric CO2 and coinciding sea level
Current CO2 Levels (Mauna Loa)
GHG Concentration Stabilization Level vs Average Temperature Increase
Global CO2 Emissions - Projected vs Actual (through 2014)
The Global Surface Temperature is Rising
Historic carbon dioxide emissions by countries as percent of world emissions (1751-2017).
If emissions of greenhouse gases were stopped, would the climate return to the conditions of 200 years ago?
Is the current level of atmospheric CO2 concentration unprecedented in Earth’s history?
The effect of (
a
) immunity (cumulative incidence; coeff. = -2.05,
F
1,300
= 96.42,
p
< 0.001), (
b
) precipitation (coeff. = -0.0009,
F
1,161
= 2.20,
p
= 0.14), (
c
) drought (coeff. = -0.14,
F
1,274
= 27.01,
p
< 0.001), (
d
) winter severity (coeff. = -0.05,
F
1,34
= 2.95,
p
= 0.09), (
e
) temperature (PIP: coeff. = 0.06,
F
1,276
= 2.58,
p
= 0.10; TAR: coeff. = 0.22,
F
1,144
= 53.59,
p
< 0.001; QUI: coeff. = 0.002,
F
1,104
= 0.0005,
p
= 0.98) and (
f
) temperature modelled as the relative
R
0
value at a given temperature (coeff. = 1.66,
F
1,121
= 17.33,
p
< 0.001) on the total logged number of WNND cases (adjusted for state random effects) in a given state and year (1999–2013). In (
a
–
d
,
f
), the filled red points and fitted lines are univariate regressions for states in which that predictor was significant (
a
< 0.05), while open black points depict states in which the predictor was not significant. In (
e
), green crosses, blue circles and green triangles denote states where
C. tarsalis
,
C. pipiens
and
C. quinquefasciatus
, respectively, dominate transmission and the relationship is only significant for
C. tarsalis
. (Online version in colour.)
(
a
) Yearly WNND cases and fitted model (line) in nine representative states, and projections of the number of future cases under mean (M) or extreme (E—95th percentile) climate conditions for either current (cross-hatch) or future (star) climate projections. Error bars include both the standard error of the mean projected values and the standard deviation of the residuals between current projected and actual values. (
b
) Colours/shading indicate the significant variables in the fitted models by state with pie-charts showing their relative importance. (
c
) Human WNND cases and abundance of infected mosquitoes in Colorado when all humans were naive (2003, filled points, coeff = 0.99,
F
1,175
= 173.1,
p
< 0.001) and in subsequent years (2004–2008, open points, coeff = 0.72,
F
1,787
= 285.5,
p
< 0.001). Variables were power transformed (1/4) to equalize leverage and linearize the relationship. (Online version in colour.)
"If Covid-19 leads to a drop in emissions of around 5% in 2020, then that is the sort of reduction we need every year until net-zero emissions are reached around 2050," said Glen Peters, also from Cicero. "Such emissions reductions will not happen via lockdowns and restrictions, but by climate policies that lead to the deployment of clean technologies and reductions in demand for energy." Energy experts believe there will be a bounce back next year, but that, long term, the world will move to greener fuels.
Shaded blue horizontal bands illustrate the uncertainty in historical temperature increase from the 1850–1900 base period until the 2006–2015 period as estimated from global near-surface air temperatures, which impacts the additional arming until a specific temperature limit like 1.5°C or 2°C relative to the 1850–1900 period. Shaded grey cells indicate values for when historical temperature increase is estimated from a blend of near-surface air temperatures over land and sea ice regions and sea-surface temperatures over oceans.
The effect of (
a
) immunity (cumulative incidence; coeff. = -2.05,
F
1,300
= 96.42,
p
< 0.001), (
b
) precipitation (coeff. = -0.0009,
F
1,161
= 2.20,
p
= 0.14), (
c
) drought (coeff. = -0.14,
F
1,274
= 27.01,
p
< 0.001), (
d
) winter severity (coeff. = -0.05,
F
1,34
= 2.95,
p
= 0.09), (
e
) temperature (PIP: coeff. = 0.06,
F
1,276
= 2.58,
p
= 0.10; TAR: coeff. = 0.22,
F
1,144
= 53.59,
p
< 0.001; QUI: coeff. = 0.002,
F
1,104
= 0.0005,
p
= 0.98) and (
f
) temperature modelled as the relative
R
0
value at a given temperature (coeff. = 1.66,
F
1,121
= 17.33,
p
< 0.001) on the total logged number of WNND cases (adjusted for state random effects) in a given state and year (1999–2013). In (
a
–
d
,
f
), the filled red points and fitted lines are univariate regressions for states in which that predictor was significant (
a
< 0.05), while open black points depict states in which the predictor was not significant. In (
e
), green crosses, blue circles and green triangles denote states where
C. tarsalis
,
C. pipiens
and
C. quinquefasciatus
, respectively, dominate transmission and the relationship is only significant for
C. tarsalis
. (Online version in colour.)
U.S. greenhouse gas emissions are grouped according to where they were produced (or burned - Figure A) and according to where they were consumed (or used – Figure B).
"If Covid-19 leads to a drop in emissions of around 5% in 2020, then that is the sort of reduction we need every year until net-zero emissions are reached around 2050," said Glen Peters, also from Cicero. "Such emissions reductions will not happen via lockdowns and restrictions, but by climate policies that lead to the deployment of clean technologies and reductions in demand for energy." Energy experts believe there will be a bounce back next year, but that, long term, the world will move to greener fuels.
There are about 60 major sources of greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S. (source:
Energy Information Agency-EIA
). These sources are generally grouped into five economic sectors based on where the emissions were generated (Figure A): Residential and Commercial, Agriculture, Transportation, Industry, and Electricity Production. In this grouping, production of electricity is considered as a separate sector, and emissions generated at power plants are accounted for in the Electricity Production sector. In 2018 the relative percentages for the fives sectors were 29% for transportation, 25% for electricity production, 24% for industrial uses, 12% for buildings, and 10% for agricultural activities. In the electricity sector over the last 10 years, coal use has declined by about 35% while natural gas usage has increased about 60%. These sources can also be grouped into four economic sectors based on where the energy was consumed (Figure B): Residential and Commercial, Agriculture, Transportation, Industry. In this grouping, the emissions attributable to Electricity Production are distributed among the four economic sectors. Emissions from a given activity within a sector include emissions from production of electricity that is consumed in that activity, as well emissions generated by use of fossil fuels for that activity. In 2018 the relative percentages for the fives sectors were 37% for Industrial consumption 29% for Transportation, 23% for Residential and Commercial consumption, and 10% for Agriculture.
Shaded blue horizontal bands illustrate the uncertainty in historical temperature increase from the 1850–1900 base period until the 2006–2015 period as estimated from global near-surface air temperatures, which impacts the additional arming until a specific temperature limit like 1.5°C or 2°C relative to the 1850–1900 period. Shaded grey cells indicate values for when historical temperature increase is estimated from a blend of near-surface air temperatures over land and sea ice regions and sea-surface temperatures over oceans.
Forests man shift from sinks to sources
Estimated potential maximum sea-level rise from the total melting of present-day glaciers
Mean cumulative mass balance of all reported glaciers (blue line) and the reference glaciers (red line).
Other ice caps and glaciers in the northern hemisphere are melting faster too
Sea level rise contributors
Small glacier/ice cap contribution
Glacier Volume is Shrinking
Total Glacier Ice Decline - 1860-2010
1979: 382 parts per million.; 2019: 500 parts per million (+118 ppm).
U.S. greenhouse gas emissions are grouped according to where they were produced (or burned - Figure A) and according to where they were consumed (or used – Figure B).
There are about 60 major sources of greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S. (source:
Energy Information Agency-EIA
). These sources are generally grouped into five economic sectors based on where the emissions were generated (Figure A): Residential and Commercial, Agriculture, Transportation, Industry, and Electricity Production. In this grouping, production of electricity is considered as a separate sector, and emissions generated at power plants are accounted for in the Electricity Production sector. In 2018 the relative percentages for the fives sectors were 29% for transportation, 25% for electricity production, 24% for industrial uses, 12% for buildings, and 10% for agricultural activities. In the electricity sector over the last 10 years, coal use has declined by about 35% while natural gas usage has increased about 60%. These sources can also be grouped into four economic sectors based on where the energy was consumed (Figure B): Residential and Commercial, Agriculture, Transportation, Industry. In this grouping, the emissions attributable to Electricity Production are distributed among the four economic sectors. Emissions from a given activity within a sector include emissions from production of electricity that is consumed in that activity, as well emissions generated by use of fossil fuels for that activity. In 2018 the relative percentages for the fives sectors were 37% for Industrial consumption 29% for Transportation, 23% for Residential and Commercial consumption, and 10% for Agriculture.
Estimated potential maximum sea-level rise from the total melting of present-day glaciers
Greenland Ice Cap Mass 2002-2020 (relative to 2002)
Greenland Ice Sheet Mass 1992 - 2012
Mean cumulative mass balance of all reported glaciers (blue line) and the reference glaciers (red line).
Sea level rise contributors
Soot from forest fires contributed to unusually large Greenland surface melt in 2012
The Greenland ice sheet could melt faster than scientists first thought
1979: 382 parts per million.; 2019: 500 parts per million (+118 ppm).
2018 Oil and Gas Methane Emissions – Distribution (~34 MMTCO2e)
2018 Oil and Gas Methane Emissions – Transmission (~34 MMTCO2e)
2018 Oil and Gas Methane Emissions - Processing (~12 MMTCO2e)
2018 Oil and Gas Methane Emissions - Production (~117 MMTCO2e)
2018 Oil and Gas Methane Emissions by Segment (~175 MMTCO2e)
Global anthropogenic emissions (excl. biomass burning)
If emissions of greenhouse gases were stopped, would the climate return to the conditions of 200 years ago?
Map of areas and locations for geological emissions of methane
Methane Budget
Methane Concentration
Methane Concentration and Growth Rate (1980-2012)
Methane emissions from four source categories
Methane global emissions - 2003-2012 decade
Regional CH4 budget in Tg CH4 yr-1 per category
Regional methane emissions - 2003-2012 decade
Shaded blue horizontal bands illustrate the uncertainty in historical temperature increase from the 1850–1900 base period until the 2006–2015 period as estimated from global near-surface air temperatures, which impacts the additional arming until a specific temperature limit like 1.5°C or 2°C relative to the 1850–1900 period. Shaded grey cells indicate values for when historical temperature increase is estimated from a blend of near-surface air temperatures over land and sea ice regions and sea-surface temperatures over oceans.
Energy absorbed by the Earth 1970-2010 - Most of the heat is going into the oceans
1979: near -100 Zettajoules; 2020: near +250 Zettajoules (+350 ZJ)
Fig. 1. (Upper) Global upper 2000 m OHC from 1958 through 2020. The histogram presents annual anomalies relative to a 1981-2010 baseline, with positive anomalies shown as red bars and negative anomalies as blue.
Fig. 2. Ocean heat budget from 1960 to 2020 based on IAP analysis data from 0 to 2000 m, and from Purkey and Johnson (2010) for deep ocean change below 2000 m (units: ZJ). Figure updated from Cheng et al. (2017). The anomalies are relative to 1958-62 baseline, and the time series are smoothed by LOWESS (locally weighted scatterplot smoothing) with span width of 24 months. The gray dashed lines are the 95% confidence interval of the total ocean heat budget.
Ocean Heat Content Anomaly
Fig. 4. Regional observed upper 2000 m OHC change from 1955 through 2020 relative to 1981-2010 baseline. The time series (black) are smoothed by LOWESS (locally weighted scatterplot smoothing) with span width of 24 months. The blue shadings are the 95% confidence interval. [Data updated from Cheng et al. (2017)].
Sea Surface Temperature - 1880-2012
Shaded blue horizontal bands illustrate the uncertainty in historical temperature increase from the 1850–1900 base period until the 2006–2015 period as estimated from global near-surface air temperatures, which impacts the additional arming until a specific temperature limit like 1.5°C or 2°C relative to the 1850–1900 period. Shaded grey cells indicate values for when historical temperature increase is estimated from a blend of near-surface air temperatures over land and sea ice regions and sea-surface temperatures over oceans.
Total Heat Content (Oceans, Atmosphere, and Land) - 1960-2008
What is ocean acidification and why does it matter?
Global Upper Ocean Heat Content is Rising
CO2 Concentrations Last 800,000 Years
Cross-plot of estimates of atmospheric CO2 and coinciding sea level
Is the current level of atmospheric CO2 concentration unprecedented in Earth’s history?
Post Glacial Sea Level Rise
“The multimillennial sea-level commitment of global warming
Shaded blue horizontal bands illustrate the uncertainty in historical temperature increase from the 1850–1900 base period until the 2006–2015 period as estimated from global near-surface air temperatures, which impacts the additional arming until a specific temperature limit like 1.5°C or 2°C relative to the 1850–1900 period. Shaded grey cells indicate values for when historical temperature increase is estimated from a blend of near-surface air temperatures over land and sea ice regions and sea-surface temperatures over oceans.
(
a
) Variables (blue) that influence human WNND cases (red) either positively (green arrows) or negatively (black arrows), either directly, or via effects on mosquito populations (purple). Note that it is the product of mosquito abundance and prevalence that determines risk to humans. (
b
–
e
) The fitted relationships for the temperature-dependent (
b
) biting rate , (
c
) mortality rate , and (
d
) the inverse of the extrinsic incubation period (L.D.K., A. C. Matacchiero, A.T. Ciota & A.M.K. 2013, unpublished data) were used to generate (
e
) the resulting estimated relationships between temperature and partial-
R
0
for West Nile virus for
C. tarsalis
(triangles, dashed lines),
C. pipiens
(circles, solid lines) and
C. quinquefasciatus
(cross-hatches, dotted lines; see Material and methods). (Online version in colour.)
Arctic Sea Ice Extent 1979-2020
Arctic Sea Ice Extent Minimum 1979-2019 (relative to 1979)
Arctic Sea Ice Melt Season 1979-2020
Arctic Sea Ice Volume 1979-2020
Radiative forcing and albedo feedback from the Northern Hemisphere cryosphere between 1979 and 2008
Shaded blue horizontal bands illustrate the uncertainty in historical temperature increase from the 1850–1900 base period until the 2006–2015 period as estimated from global near-surface air temperatures, which impacts the additional arming until a specific temperature limit like 1.5°C or 2°C relative to the 1850–1900 period. Shaded grey cells indicate values for when historical temperature increase is estimated from a blend of near-surface air temperatures over land and sea ice regions and sea-surface temperatures over oceans.
Antarctic ice melt is twice as fast as ten years ago
Contributions to Sea Level Rise (1993-2008 Average)
Cross-plot of estimates of atmospheric CO2 and coinciding sea level
Equilibrium sea level change relative to temperature change
Estimated potential maximum sea-level rise from the total melting of present-day glaciers
Expert range of sea-level rise forecasts for 2100 and 2300
1979: near -100 Zettajoules; 2020: near +250 Zettajoules (+350 ZJ)
Global Sea-level Rise 1960-2013
How fast is sea level rising?
IPCC Sea Level 2100 - All Scenarios
Local Sea Level Rise and Tidal Flooding, 1970–2012 (Boston, MA; Atlantic City, NJ; Norfolk, VA; Charleston, SC)
Local Sea Level Rise and Tidal Flooding, 1970–2012 (Boston, MA; Atlantic City, NJ; Norfolk, VA; Charleston, SC)
Map of Miami when sea levels rise 2 meters
Other ice caps and glaciers in the northern hemisphere are melting faster too
Post Glacial Sea Level Rise
RCP 8.5 Sea Level rise expected by experts
Satellite-based estimates of sea level between 1993 and 2011 (NOAA)
Sea Level Last 3000 years from selected sites
Sea Level Rise 1870 to 2000 (Tide Gauges)
Sea level rise contributors
Sea Level Rise Due To Thermal Expansion (for next 500 years)
Sea level rise for 1961-2008 (by source)
Small glacier/ice cap contribution
Soot from forest fires contributed to unusually large Greenland surface melt in 2012
Subglacial topography of Antarctica
“The multimillennial sea-level commitment of global warming
The effects of a 80 meter sea level rise on North America
The Greenland ice sheet could melt faster than scientists first thought
West Antarctic glaciers are collapsing, and it's "unstoppable"
Northern Hemisphere Snow Cover is Retreating
Radiative forcing and albedo feedback from the Northern Hemisphere cryosphere between 1979 and 2008
Global Soil Carbon
1975-1979 Average: +0.34 C
2016-2020 Average: +1.21 C (+0.87 C)
(
a
) Variables (blue) that influence human WNND cases (red) either positively (green arrows) or negatively (black arrows), either directly, or via effects on mosquito populations (purple). Note that it is the product of mosquito abundance and prevalence that determines risk to humans. (
b
–
e
) The fitted relationships for the temperature-dependent (
b
) biting rate , (
c
) mortality rate , and (
d
) the inverse of the extrinsic incubation period (L.D.K., A. C. Matacchiero, A.T. Ciota & A.M.K. 2013, unpublished data) were used to generate (
e
) the resulting estimated relationships between temperature and partial-
R
0
for West Nile virus for
C. tarsalis
(triangles, dashed lines),
C. pipiens
(circles, solid lines) and
C. quinquefasciatus
(cross-hatches, dotted lines; see Material and methods). (Online version in colour.)
The effect of (
a
) immunity (cumulative incidence; coeff. = -2.05,
F
1,300
= 96.42,
p
< 0.001), (
b
) precipitation (coeff. = -0.0009,
F
1,161
= 2.20,
p
= 0.14), (
c
) drought (coeff. = -0.14,
F
1,274
= 27.01,
p
< 0.001), (
d
) winter severity (coeff. = -0.05,
F
1,34
= 2.95,
p
= 0.09), (
e
) temperature (PIP: coeff. = 0.06,
F
1,276
= 2.58,
p
= 0.10; TAR: coeff. = 0.22,
F
1,144
= 53.59,
p
< 0.001; QUI: coeff. = 0.002,
F
1,104
= 0.0005,
p
= 0.98) and (
f
) temperature modelled as the relative
R
0
value at a given temperature (coeff. = 1.66,
F
1,121
= 17.33,
p
< 0.001) on the total logged number of WNND cases (adjusted for state random effects) in a given state and year (1999–2013). In (
a
–
d
,
f
), the filled red points and fitted lines are univariate regressions for states in which that predictor was significant (
a
< 0.05), while open black points depict states in which the predictor was not significant. In (
e
), green crosses, blue circles and green triangles denote states where
C. tarsalis
,
C. pipiens
and
C. quinquefasciatus
, respectively, dominate transmission and the relationship is only significant for
C. tarsalis
. (Online version in colour.)
Annotated Global Average 1850-2017
Arctic and Global Temperature Anomoly
Arctic and Global Temperature Anomoly - Cowtan & Way
Change in average surface temperature (1986-2005 and 2081-2100)
El Niño/La Niña Global Surface Temperature Influence - 1967-2012
Energy absorbed by the Earth 1970-2010 - Most of the heat is going into the oceans
GHG Concentration Stabilization Level vs Average Temperature Increase
Global Mean Anomaly
1975-1979 Average: +0.34 C
2016-2020 Average: +1.54 C (+1.2 C)
Global average surface temperature rise for the four RCPs
Global average temperature estimates for the last 540 My
Global Deep Open Temperatures Last 65 Million years
The Global Surface Temperature is Rising
Global Temperature Anomoly
Global temperature with trends for El Niño
Impact of ENSO on NASA analysis
increase of 1.5° C in 2029
Is the climate warming?
"If Covid-19 leads to a drop in emissions of around 5% in 2020, then that is the sort of reduction we need every year until net-zero emissions are reached around 2050," said Glen Peters, also from Cicero. "Such emissions reductions will not happen via lockdowns and restrictions, but by climate policies that lead to the deployment of clean technologies and reductions in demand for energy." Energy experts believe there will be a bounce back next year, but that, long term, the world will move to greener fuels.
Projected Temperature Change of Hottest and Coldest Days
Sea Surface Temperature - 1880-2012
Separating Human and Natural Influences on Climate
Shaded blue horizontal bands illustrate the uncertainty in historical temperature increase from the 1850–1900 base period until the 2006–2015 period as estimated from global near-surface air temperatures, which impacts the additional arming until a specific temperature limit like 1.5°C or 2°C relative to the 1850–1900 period. Shaded grey cells indicate values for when historical temperature increase is estimated from a blend of near-surface air temperatures over land and sea ice regions and sea-surface temperatures over oceans.
Temperature Anomaly Last Ten Thousand Years
“The multimillennial sea-level commitment of global warming
Does the rate of warming vary from one decade to another?
Increase in Extreme Precipitation Events 1958-2012
Observed Change in Very Heavy Precipitation
US Wildfires 1987-2012
Global Warming/Climate Change - Facts and Images
The following Fact Pages display various images related to global warming and climate change
(Hover your mouse over the text below to "popup" a window with a related image or text.
Click on text to open a new window with a detailed description.)
Acidification
Ocean pH Since 1850 and Projected to 2100
Ocean pH vs Atmospheric ppm 1958 to 2012
Ocean pH vs Atmospheric CO2 PPM
What is ocean acidification and why does it matter?
Antarctic
Antarctic ice melt is twice as fast as ten years ago
Subglacial topography of Antarctica
Antarctica Ice Cap Mass 2002-2020 (relative to 2002)
West Antarctic glaciers are collapsing, and it's "unstoppable"
Sea level rise contributors
Why is Arctic sea ice decreasing while Antarctic sea ice is not?
Arctic
Antarctica Ice Cap Mass 2002-2020 (relative to 2002)
Arctic Sea Ice Melt Season 1979-2020
Arctic and Global Temperature Anomoly
Arctic Sea Ice Minimum and Maximum Extents (compared to the averages)
Arctic and Global Temperature Anomoly - Cowtan & Way
Arctic Sea Ice Volume 1979-2020
Arctic Ice Volume in September - 1979-2013
Artcic sea ice extent for the last 1,450 years
Arctic Sea Ice Death Spiral
Artcic Sea Ice Extent Through Nov 2016
Arctic Sea Ice Extent
Carbon from permafrost soils could add as much as 0.4ºF to 0.6ºF of warming by 2100
Arctic Sea Ice Extent 1979-2020
Projected Arctic Sea Ice Decline
Arctic Sea Ice Extent Ananoly - Nov 2016
Why is Arctic sea ice decreasing while Antarctic sea ice is not?
Arctic Sea Ice Extent Minimum 1979-2019 (relative to 1979)
Atmosphere
Increase in Extreme Precipitation Events 1958-2012
Total Heat Content (Oceans, Atmosphere, and Land) - 1960-2008
Is the current level of atmospheric CO2 concentration unprecedented in Earth’s history?
What do changes in the vertical structure of atmospheric temperature—from the surface up to the stratosphere—tell us about the causes of recent climate change?
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Dioxide Equivalent 1979-2019 (equivalent carbon dioxide concentration taking into account other greenhouse gases, such as methane and nitrous oxide):
CO2 Levels for Since 1958 (Mauna Loa)
CO2 Concentration at Mona Loa Observatory Since 1959
Cross-plot of estimates of atmospheric CO2 and coinciding sea level
CO2 Concentrations Last 800,000 Years
Current CO2 Levels (Mauna Loa)
CO2 Concentrations Since 1700
GHG Concentration Stabilization Level vs Average Temperature Increase
CO2 is already in the atmosphere naturally, so why are emissions from human activity significant?
Global CO2 Emissions - Projected vs Actual (through 2014)
CO2 Levels for Last 10000 Yerars (Mauna Loa)
Global Temperature and Carbon Dioxide - 1880-2012
CO2 Levels for Previous Month (Mauna Loa)
Historic carbon dioxide emissions by countries as percent of world emissions (1751-2017).
CO2 Levels for Previous Six Months (Mauna Loa)
If emissions of greenhouse gases were stopped, would the climate return to the conditions of 200 years ago?
CO2 Levels for Previous Two Years (Mauna Loa)
Is the current level of atmospheric CO2 concentration unprecedented in Earth’s history?
CO2 Levels for Since 1700 (Mauna Loa)
Is there a point at which adding more CO2 will not cause further warming?
Climate
Figure 2.Climate and immunity correlations with annual state WNND cases.
Keeping the Temperature Rise to 1.5° C
Figure 3.Climate, immunity and WNND cases.
Table 2.2 | The assessed remaining carbon budget and its uncertainties.
Disasters
Are disaster scenarios about tipping points like ‘turning off the Gulf Stream’ and release of methane from the Arctic a cause for concern?
How does climate change affect the strength and frequency of floods, hurricanes and tornadoes?
Droughts
Figure 2.Climate and immunity correlations with annual state WNND cases.
Energy
2018 U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions – A: Direct Emissions by Sector B: Emissions By End Use Sector
U.S. greenhouse gas emissions are grouped according to where they were produced (or burned - Figure A) and according to where they were consumed (or used – Figure B).
Keeping the Temperature Rise to 1.5° C
Feedbacks
Table 2.2 | The assessed remaining carbon budget and its uncertainties.
Forests
Forests man shift from sinks to sources
Glaciers
Estimated potential maximum sea-level rise from the total melting of present-day glaciers
Small glacier/ice cap contribution
Mean cumulative mass balance of all reported glaciers (blue line) and the reference glaciers (red line).
Total Glacier Ice Decline - 1860-2010
Other ice caps and glaciers in the northern hemisphere are melting faster too
Total Glacier Ice Decline - 1860-2010
Sea level rise contributors
Greenhouse Gases
Carbon Dioxide Equivalent 1979-2019 (equivalent carbon dioxide concentration taking into account other greenhouse gases, such as methane and nitrous oxide):
U.S. greenhouse gas emissions are grouped according to where they were produced (or burned - Figure A) and according to where they were consumed (or used – Figure B).
2018 U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions – A: Direct Emissions by Sector B: Emissions By End Use Sector
Greenland
Estimated potential maximum sea-level rise from the total melting of present-day glaciers
Sea level rise contributors
Greenland Ice Cap Mass 2002-2020 (relative to 2002)
Soot from forest fires contributed to unusually large Greenland surface melt in 2012
Greenland Ice Sheet Mass 1992 - 2012
The Greenland ice sheet could melt faster than scientists first thought
Mean cumulative mass balance of all reported glaciers (blue line) and the reference glaciers (red line).
Methane
Carbon Dioxide Equivalent 1979-2019 (equivalent carbon dioxide concentration taking into account other greenhouse gases, such as methane and nitrous oxide):
Methane Budget
2018 Oil and Gas Methane Emissions – Distribution (~34 MMTCO2e)
Methane Concentration
2018 Oil and Gas Methane Emissions – Transmission (~34 MMTCO2e)
Methane Concentration and Growth Rate (1980-2012)
2018 Oil and Gas Methane Emissions - Processing (~12 MMTCO2e)
Methane emissions from four source categories
2018 Oil and Gas Methane Emissions - Production (~117 MMTCO2e)
Methane global emissions - 2003-2012 decade
2018 Oil and Gas Methane Emissions by Segment (~175 MMTCO2e)
Regional CH4 budget in Tg CH4 yr-1 per category
Global anthropogenic emissions (excl. biomass burning)
Regional methane emissions - 2003-2012 decade
If emissions of greenhouse gases were stopped, would the climate return to the conditions of 200 years ago?
Table 2.2 | The assessed remaining carbon budget and its uncertainties.
Map of areas and locations for geological emissions of methane
Oceans
Energy absorbed by the Earth 1970-2010 - Most of the heat is going into the oceans
Sea Surface Temperature - 1880-2012
Global Ocean Heat Content 1979-2020 (relative to 1981-2010)
Table 2.2 | The assessed remaining carbon budget and its uncertainties.
Global upper 2000 m ocean heat content from 1958 through 2020
Total Heat Content (Oceans, Atmosphere, and Land) - 1960-2008
Ocean heat budget from 1960 to 2020
What is ocean acidification and why does it matter?
Ocean Heat Content Anomaly
World Ocean Heat Content 0-700 m - 1955-2010
Regional observed upper 2000 m ocean heat content change from 1955 through 2020
Paleoclimate
CO2 Concentrations Last 800,000 Years
Post Glacial Sea Level Rise
Cross-plot of estimates of atmospheric CO2 and coinciding sea level
Temperature vs Sea Level
Is the current level of atmospheric CO2 concentration unprecedented in Earth’s history?
Permafrost
Carbon from permafrost soils could add as much as 0.4ºF to 0.6ºF of warming by 2100
Table 2.2 | The assessed remaining carbon budget and its uncertainties.
Population
Figure 1.Mechanisms influencing WNV transmission.
Sea ice
Arctic Sea Ice Extent 1979-2020
Arctic Sea Ice Volume 1979-2020
Arctic Sea Ice Extent Minimum 1979-2019 (relative to 1979)
Radiative forcing and albedo feedback from the Northern Hemisphere cryosphere between 1979 and 2008
Arctic Sea Ice Melt Season 1979-2020
Table 2.2 | The assessed remaining carbon budget and its uncertainties.
Sea Level
Antarctic ice melt is twice as fast as ten years ago
RCP 8.5 Sea Level rise expected by experts
Contributions to Sea Level Rise (1993-2008 Average)
Satellite-based estimates of sea level between 1993 and 2011 (NOAA)
Cross-plot of estimates of atmospheric CO2 and coinciding sea level
Sea Level Deviation - 1870-2010
Equilibrium sea level change relative to temperature change
Sea Level Last 3000 years from selected sites
Estimated potential maximum sea-level rise from the total melting of present-day glaciers
Sea Level Rise 1870 to 2000 (Tide Gauges)
Expert range of sea-level rise forecasts for 2100 and 2300
Sea level rise contributors
Global Ocean Heat Content 1979-2020 (relative to 1981-2010)
Sea Level Rise Due To Thermal Expansion (for next 500 years)
Global Sea-level Rise 1960-2013
Sea level rise for 1961-2008 (by source)
How fast is sea level rising?
Small glacier/ice cap contribution
IPCC Sea Level 2100 - All Scenarios
Soot from forest fires contributed to unusually large Greenland surface melt in 2012
Local Sea Level Rise and Tidal Flooding, 1970–2012 (Boston, MA; Atlantic City, NJ; Norfolk, VA; Charleston, SC)
Subglacial topography of Antarctica
Local Sea Level Rise and Tidal Flooding, 1970–2012 (Boston, MA; Atlantic City, NJ; Norfolk, VA; Charleston, SC)
Temperature vs Sea Level
Map of Miami when sea levels rise 2 meters
The effects of a 80 meter sea level rise on North America
Other ice caps and glaciers in the northern hemisphere are melting faster too
The Greenland ice sheet could melt faster than scientists first thought
Post Glacial Sea Level Rise
West Antarctic glaciers are collapsing, and it's "unstoppable"
Snow Cover
Northern Hemisphere Snow Cover - 1967 to 2016
Radiative forcing and albedo feedback from the Northern Hemisphere cryosphere between 1979 and 2008
Soil Carbon
Global Soil Carbon
Temperature
Global Average (Land + Sea) Temperature 1975-1979 (relative to 1880-1920 climatology):
Global average temperature estimates for the last 540 My
Global Average (Land + Sea) Temperature 2016-2020 (relative to 1880-1920 climatology):
Global Deep Open Temperatures Last 65 Million years
Figure 1.Mechanisms influencing WNV transmission.
Global Temperature and Carbon Dioxide - 1880-2012
Figure 2.Climate and immunity correlations with annual state WNND cases.
Global Temperature Anomoly
Annotated Global Average 1850-2017
Global temperature with trends for El Niño
Arctic and Global Temperature Anomoly
Impact of ENSO on NASA analysis
Arctic and Global Temperature Anomoly - Cowtan & Way
increase of 1.5° C in 2029
Change in average surface temperature (1986-2005 and 2081-2100)
Is the climate warming?
El Niño/La Niña Global Surface Temperature Influence - 1967-2012
Keeping the Temperature Rise to 1.5° C
Energy absorbed by the Earth 1970-2010 - Most of the heat is going into the oceans
Projected Temperature Change of Hottest and Coldest Days
GHG Concentration Stabilization Level vs Average Temperature Increase
Sea Surface Temperature - 1880-2012
Global Mean Anomaly
Separating Human and Natural Influences on Climate
Global Average (Land) Temperature 1975-1979 (relative to 1880-1920 climatology):
Table 2.2 | The assessed remaining carbon budget and its uncertainties.
Global Average (Land) Temperature 2016-2020 (relative to 1880-1920 climatology):
Temperature Anomaly Last Ten Thousand Years
Global average surface temperature rise for the four RCPs
Temperature vs Sea Level
Weather
Does the rate of warming vary from one decade to another?
Observed Change in Very Heavy Precipitation
If the world is warming, why are some winters and summers still very cold?
US Wildfires 1987-2012
Increase in Extreme Precipitation Events 1958-2012